The Victorian World and the Underworld of Economics Essay - 1

The Victorian World and the Underworld of Economics - Essay Example Marx anticipated the immiseration of the common laborers and possible breakdown of private enterprise however this didn't occur. Rather, compensation continued expanding during Victorian Age and the working hours abbreviated along these lines changing low class into negligible bourgeoisies (p. 170). Malthus went black market because of arithmetical silliness of his concept of ‘general glut’ while the utopians were regarded to ramble which was not â€Å"economics† (p. 177-178). Edgeworth (1845-1926) presented the idea of amounts and applied science to financial aspects yet his work was dismissed as it disregarded the human factor in this manner it went black market. Bastiat then again, added diversion to financial aspects and was a protector of facilitated commerce yet at the same time went black market. Henry George (1839-1897) was an exceptionally well known financial expert in England and the U.S particularly because of his book Progress and Poverty (1879) which showed that the genuine reason for destitution and mechanical sorrow was land lease (Heilbroner, 1999, p. 187). He contended that lease realized difficulties for industrialists as well as workingmen thus was a bad form. He accepted lease was a social coercion that prompted hypothesis in land esteems henceforth financial downturn or â€Å"paroxysms† (p. 187). The main answer for the issue of sorrow was a solitary gigantic duty ashore equivalent to its lease. This would wipe out all different duties consequently raise wages and capital profit. It would likewise â€Å"abolish destitution, lead to gainful work for all, cleanse government and manage the cost of free extension to human power† (p 187-188). He likewise supported removing land from proprietors regardless of whether it implied war as, â€Å"there was never a holier cause† (p.189). Despite the fact that his work was a commendable replacement to Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations it went into black market of financial matters because of absence of rationale; mechanical gloom can't be accused ashore hypothesis as proof shows extreme discouragements do happen in nations where land esteems are not expanded. John Hobson was concerned

Marketing2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing2 - Essay Example Consider, at that point, a business which makes childrens toys which has out of nowhere encountered an amazing drop in deals, which is affecting the business future life span corresponding to work creation and benefit. In this circumstance, distinguishing potential chances to build these brought down deals, while making a progressively steady creation condition, would be two sizeable objectives for this promoting organization. In this way, the initial phase in making an able advertising plan would include recognizing the crucial objectives of the association (Boone and Kurtz, 2007). For instance, this speculative organization may establish that its multi year objective is to help deals by 25%, while likewise extending all inclusive. When these alternatives are distinguished, the promoting plan features the particular advances that will be taken so as to make sure about these objectives, while additionally recognizing different contender related dangers to the game plan. A showcasing plan doesn't just recognize explicit objectives, it additionally plays out a situational investigation, distinguishing different qualities, shortcomings, openings, and dangers to the business. For example, this equivalent speculative toymaker may understand that its qualities are in its strong work power and different enactment which gives charge related breaks to organizations wishing to go worldwide. Simultaneously, it might perceive that immense degrees of rivalry exist in a specific market condition, along these lines the promoting plan makes a strategy to battle contender exercises or upgrade the work pool. The showcasing plan turns out to be increasingly muddled as it distinguishes the system of dispersion, the fitting objective market for its toy items, and further makes an estimating plan which will work for the business needs. For example, the initiative group at the toymaker may understand that deals have dropped in light of the fact that purchaser perspectives toward the present estimating approach are prompting less

Be Aware of the Most Misused English Words

Be Aware of the Most Misused English Words There are many misused words in the English language. Through repetition, the misuse becomes more widespread. Whether youre trying to write a great essay or report, nail an interview or simply impress your readers, proper use of the English language is essential. Check out this mega-list of commonly misused words: Laying vs. Lying Incorrect use: I was laying on the beach. Correct use: I was lying on the beach. Unthaw vs. Thaw To thaw means to unfreeze something. So unthaw, technically means to freeze. Hysterical vs. Hilarious Hysterical is to be uncontrollably emotional. Hilarious is funny. Anarchy Anarchy is a political term that means the absence of government. Its often used in the place of “crazy” or “chaotic”. Momentarily vs. Shortly Momentarily means something has the span of a moment. Incorrect use: I will be with you momentarily. Correct use: I will be with you shortly. Anniversary Anniversary means once per year, “annus” coming from the Latin for “year”. Therefore its impossible to celebrate a six-month anniversary. Different than vs. Different from Incorrect use: Apples are different than oranges. Correct use: Apples are different from oranges. Electrocuted vs. Shocked Electrocute means to be killed or to kill someone with an electric shock. If you received an electric shock and didnt die, then you were shocked, not electrocuted. Literally Literally is often used incorrectly and somehow has become a form of hyperbole. “Youre literally killing me,” means that someone is actually killing you instead of what you probably mean which is that theyre hurting you or causing you extreme stress. Disinterested vs. Uninterested Disinterested means that something holds no value or importance for you. Uninterested means that it doesnt hold your attention. Espresso vs. Expresso “Espresso” is the correct spelling of the strong coffee drink. Could of vs. Could have Incorrect use: I could of gone to the store for you. Correct use: I could have gone to the store for you. Travesty vs. Tragedy Travesty actually doesnt mean tragic at all. It means absurd or ridiculous. It can also be used as a verb “travestying” which means to make a mockery of somebody or something. Ex: The play was banned for travestying the ruling political party. Capital vs. Capitol Capital is a the city where the seat of government is located. Capitol is the name of the building where the government members assemble. Bemused vs. Amused Bemused means to be confused whereas amused means to be entertained. Affect vs. Effect Affect means something has been influenced by something else. Ex: Shes really been affected by losing her job. Effect means something is a result of something else. Ex: Losing her job has had a negative effect on her. Complement vs. Compliment A complement is something that makes something better or more perfect. Ex: A glass of pinot noir can complement a steak dinner. A compliment is something that expresses admiration. Ex: She complimented her on her well-written article. Irregardless This word doesnt actually exist. Those who use it mean to use the word “regardless”. Peruse vs. Skim Peruse means to examine thoroughly. Ex: She perused the report for hours, looking for evidence to back up her suspicions. Its often mistaken to mean skim. Ex: He skimmed the book in a matter of minutes which caused him to fail the test. Toward/Anyway/Afterward Many people erroneously tag an “s” onto the ends of these words. Correct use: I walked toward the building./ I didnt want to go to the party anyway./ Ill see you afterward. Supposed to The “d” is often erroneously left off the end of this word. For all intents and purposes A lot of people mistake “intents and” for “intensive” as in “for all intensive purposes.” The correct form is “for all intents and purposes.” Accept vs. Except Accept means to receive or to agree to something. Ex: I accepted the job offer. Except means that something is excluded. Ex: I would like to try on all of the dresses except for that one. Emigrate vs. Immigrate When someone emigrates, they are leaving their home country. Ex: I emigrated from the United States to Brazil. When someone immigrates they are moving to another country. Ex: Many Mexicans immigrate to the United States. Then vs. Than Than is used to compare two words. Ex: I am taller than my brother. Then is used in reference to time. Ex: I didnt want to see him then, but Im ready to now. There, Their and Theyre These three are often confused. There is used to determine place. Ex: Put the books down over there. Their is a possessive pronoun used to show ownership. Ex: Their car is over there. Theyre is a contraction of they + are. Ex: Theyre walking to their car over there. Your vs. Youre These two suffer the same fate as there, their and theyre. Your is a possessive pronoun used to show ownership. Ex: Your dog is chasing my cat. Youre is a contraction of you + are. Ex: Youre a very interesting person. Whos vs. Whose Yet another possessive vs. contraction issue. Whose is a possessive pronoun used to show ownership. Ex: Whose bicycle is that? Whos is a contraction of who + is. Ex: Whos going to the show? All right vs. Alright All right is the correct spelling. “Alright” is an incorrect spelling of “all right”. Beside vs. Besides Beside means next to. Ex: Come and sit beside me on the couch. Besides means “anyway” or “also”. Ex: Besides, the only reason he wants that job is for the corner office. Cite vs. Site Cite means to quote a source. Ex: She cited the leading expert on this subject. Site is a location. Ex: The site of the shooting has been roped off by the authorities.

WordStarâ€The First Word Processor

Released in 1979 by Micropro International, WordStar was the first commercially successful word processing software program produced for microcomputers. It became the  best-selling software program of the early 1980s. Its inventors were Seymour Rubenstein and Rob Barnaby. Rubenstein had been the director of marketing for  IMS Associates Inc.  (IMSAI), a  California-based  computer company, which he left in 1978 to start his own software company. He convinced Barnaby, the  chief programmer for IMSAI, to join him, and gave him the task of writing a data processing program. What is Word Processing? Prior to the invention of word processing, the only way to get ones thoughts down on paper was via a typewriter or a printing press. Word processing, however, allowed people to write, edit, and produce documents (letters, reports, books, etc.) by using a computer and computer software designed specifically to rapidly and efficiently manipulate text.   Early Word Processing The first computer word processors were line editors, software-writing aids that allowed a programmer to make changes in a line of program code. Altair programmer Michael Shrayer decided to write the manuals for computer programs on the same computers the programs ran on. He wrote the somewhat popular, and the actual first PC word processing program, called the Electric Pencil, in 1976. Other early word processor programs worth noting were: Apple Write I, Samna III, Word, WordPerfect, and Scripsit. The Rise of WordStar Seymour Rubenstein first started developing an early version of a word processor for the IMSAI 8080 computer when he was director of marketing for IMSAI. He left to start MicroPro International Inc. in 1978 with only $8,500 in cash. At Rubensteins urging, software programmer Rob Barnaby left IMSAI to join MicroPro. Barnaby wrote the 1979 version of WordStar for CP/M, the mass-market operating system created for  Intels 8080/85-based microcomputers by Gary Kildall, released in 1977.  Jim Fox, Barnabys assistant, ported (meaning re-wrote for a different operating system) WordStar from the CP/M operating system  to MS/PC DOS,  the by-now-famous operating system introduced by MicroSoft and  Bill Gates  in 1981. The 3.0 version of WordStar for DOS was released in 1982. Within three years, WordStar was the most popular word processing software in the world. However, by the late 1980s, programs like WordPerfect knocked Wordstar out of the word processing market after the poor performance of WordStar 2000. Said Rubenstein about what happened: In the early days, the size of the market was more promise than reality...WordStar was a tremendous learning experience. I didnt know all that much about the world of big business. Influence of WordStar Still, communications as we know it today, in which everyone is for all intents and purposes their own publisher, would not exist had WordStar not pioneered the industry. Even then,  Arthur C. Clarke, the famous science-fiction writer, seemed to know its importance.  Upon meeting Rubenstein and Barnaby, he said: I am happy to greet the geniuses who made me a born-again writer, having announced my retirement in 1978, I now have six books in the works and two [probables], all through WordStar.

An Analysis Of Stanley Milgram s The Good Old Days

In his infamous 1961 experiment, Stanley Milgram showed that within practically all humans rests the potential to enact great violence upon others and that this latent tendency can be exploited by a figure of authority. In Ernst Klee’s The Good Old Days, his exhaustive and heart-wrenching exploration of first-hand accounts of Einsatzgruppen atrocities and the barbarities performed at Auschwitz further reveals the extent to which humanity’s intrinsic proclivity toward violence can be abused by the additional psychological weight of ideology, nationalism, and propaganda. This paper claims that through the high-command’s reaction to the Einsatzgruppen’s experiences, Klee’s selection of excerpts provides a better understanding of humanity’s frailties than Milgram’s experiment and it does so using the following three points: the relevance of recommendations that early Einsatzgruppen aktions be performed by local, non-German citizens, the rationale for the implementation of Gas-vans on the Eastern front, and the real reason behind Himmler’s eventual order that no punishment should be issued to those soldiers who would refuse liquidation assignments. An excerpt taken from Eastern Territories Commander, Johannes Blaskowitz’s report to HQ Schloss Spala on February 2, 1940 lays out several well-made arguments against German’s being directly involved in the extermination of thousands of Polish Jews and dissidents. Although all four points of his argumentShow MoreRelatedThe Scientific Field Of Psychology2425 Words   |  10 Pagesfarther ahead in the history of psychology, what we would today largely recognize as practices contemporary did not come about until even later point on the psychology timeline. Furthermore, contemporary psychology is dramatically different from modern day psychology, this is a science that has grown and evolved dramatically even over the past couple years. The farther back one follows the timeline of psychology history the darker and more barbarous the studies and practices conducted and/or implementedRead MoreOrganizational Behaviour Analysis28615 Words   |  115 PagesORGANISATIONAL ANALYSIS: Notes and essays for the workshop to be held on 15th - 16th Novemeber 2007 at The Marriot Hotel Slough Berkshire SL3 8PT Dr. Lesley Prince, C.Psychol., AFBPsS University of Birmingham November 2007  © Dr. Lesley Prince 2007. Organisational Analysis: Notes and Essays Page i Page ii Please do not attempt to eat these notes. CONTENTS Introduction to the Workshop Topics And Themes The Nature and Scope of Organisation Theory Levels of Analysis The MetaphoricalRead MoreSoc Test9122 Words   |  37 Pagestheir needs, and characteristics. Molly is using _____ as a method of gathering data. Answer questionnaires experiments participant observation nonparticipant observation content analysis 10 points Question 10 In the classic experimental design, the _____ is exposed to the independent variable (treatment), while the control group is not. Answer independent group subject group Read MoreAn Analysis of Terrorism Essay9824 Words   |  40 PagesAn Analysis of Terrorism On September 11, 2001, every person was stunned with the earth shaking news that the World Trade Center (WTC), the highest building in the world was attacked by terrorist. This was done by hi-jacking two commercial airplanes which plowed the two famous sites. More than 5,000 American was feared dead. This was the most recent and most devastating terrorist act that brought terrorism into the timelight. Terrorism is a term of uncertain legal content. The term itselfRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturersRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore

Essay about Was the New Deal a Good Deal for America

Was the New Deal a Good Deal for America? In his presidential acceptance speech in 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt addressed to the citizens of the United States, â€Å"I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people.† The New Deal, beginning in 1933, was a series of federal programs designed to provide relief, recovery, and reform to the fragile nation. The U.S. had been both economically and psychologically buffeted by the Great Depression. Many citizens looked up to FDR and his New Deal for help. However, there is much skepticism and controversy on whether these work projects significantly abated the dangerously high employment rates and pulled the U.S. out of the Great Depression. The New Deal was a bad deal†¦show more content†¦Throughout the next decade, the expenditures gradually incremented up to the point of $12 billion in 1941, almost four times the amount from 1929 (Document 16). This increased government spending would have been fine if it aided in government revenue and decreased public debt. However, neither of those categories improved; the excessive spending actually harmed the economy. The U.S. went from a $75 million surplus in 1929 to a $4.8 billion deficit in 1941 (Document 17). Furthermore, the total public debt augmented from $17 billion in 1929 to $44 billion in 1941 (Document 18). The cost to fund the New Deal project was massive. Not only did U.S. deficits and expenditures rise, the citizens who were supposed to benefit from the deal also suffered from increased debt. Some may argue that the New Deal was a good deal because it lowered unemployment rates. Nevertheless, the rates did not significantly go down, especially since the U.S. had eight, long, peacetime years to recover from the Great Depression. Historian Gary Dean Best argues, â€Å"I consider that failure tragic, not only for the 14.6 percent of the labor force that remained unemployed as late as 1940†¦ but also because of the image that the depression-plagued United States projected to the world at a crucial time in international affairs† (Best 230). He believes that the United State’s unstable economy encouraged aggression from other countries, whichShow MoreRelatedReasons Why Roosevelt Introduced the New Deal Essay677 Words   |  3 PagesReasons Why Roosevelt Introduced the New Deal There were three main reasons why Roosevelt introduced the New Deal. The first was economic and social problems in the USA, as a result of the Wall Street Crash. The second reason was because of Hoover, the president before Roosevelt; had been a weak president, and could not solve problems, and often made problems worse. 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Childhood Studies and Counseling

Question: Discuss about the Childhood Studies and Counseling. Answer: Introduction Career is defined as the progress and actions of the individual related to their learning phase, choice of occupation and professional development. It defines the journey taken by an individual for professional goals and accomplishment of work titles. The choice of career and the career guidance choices of individual is influenced by several factors like objective assessment of tangible benefits, social and psychological factors present in society and the interaction with the organization (Patton and McMahon 2014). The contemporary definition of career is the life-long progress in learning and work throughout their life followed by building of a positive identity in future. Some regard career as a means of participation and contribution to the well being of the society through their work and educational learning (Barnes et al. 2010). Career development is the life long experience of people in seeking information and processing it for occupational and educational needs. This helps to establish a work identity. Studying career development theory is important for the purpose of career counseling and implementation of career interventions (Sampson et al. 2014). This report particularly analyzes the traditional and modern theories of career development and career choices to understand the nature of complexities in it and its impact of career counseling and career guidance practice. It also discusses the implication of these theories to career guidance practices and its application to personal career path. This will be useful in the future development of approaches to inform career guidance practices. Critical evaluation of career development theories and its implications for career guidance A lot of thinking goes into future educational choices to achieve specific career goals and transform from university life to work life. The present challenge for career counseling is to decide career interventions based on individual needs of people and diverse career patterns (Hall and Mirvis 2013). Globalization and enormous changes in world market is the also a challenge for the career guidance company and they need to rethink counseling strategies to keep up with current market demands. Currently, the main focus is on use of technology to increase productivity and administrative processes. In the first phase of changing the nature of work through the application of latest biotechnology and information and communication technologies, it lead to loss of many jobs and unemployment. Hence, similar changes will continue to occur in the job market and one needs adaptability skills to respond to changes in the job market. The career guidance company may find solution to this by adjustm ent of work practice and giving knowledge on qualification adjustment to suit the requirements of work in particular enterprise (Niles 2014). Therefore, in order to provide best solutions to support people in their career, an understanding of key career development theories is important to achieve best results in career. The main theories related to career development and career choices are as follows: Social learning theory- Another example of the traditional theory is the Krumboltzs social learning theory of career development (SLTCD) which gives an idea of peoples occupational preference through different learning experience and their belief system (Patton and McMahon 2014). It is related to Banduras social learning theory where people learn through observation and imitation. In the contemporary world, this theory has been integrated into learn theory of career counseling. The theory informs the process of career decision making and extends the trait and factor theory to explain the relation between job and job aspirants congruence. Hence, they key assumption is that individual learn about the job world through direct and indirect experience and their action is influenced by this knowledge and skill-based learning (Swartz 2014). The four factors which influence career decision making process are as follows: Genetic endowment and special abilities- It refers to the inherited aspect of an individual such as physical appearance, special aptitude and predisposition to certain illness. Hence individual capability to learn differs on the basis of inherited qualities (Swartz 2014). Environmental conditions and events- It relates to socio-cultural, economic and natural resources factors. This factor is outside anyones control. Based on the planned and unplanned events like nature and number of job and training opportunities, monetary and social benefits of any jobs, policies affecting recruitment, natural disaster and social organization and many others (Meijers and Lengelle 2015). For example certain occupational requirement might be dependent on season and location and one cannot have control over this. Learning experiences- The occupational choice of people is also influenced by their unique learning experience and they tend to make career decision based on those experiences. This experience may be classified into instrumental and associative. The first is an outcome of positive reinforcement for some behavior and the latter relates to learning through a emotionally laden stimulus. Task approach skills- The task approach skill results from the accumulation of above three factors and it influences performance standard, mind setup, emotional response and cognitive process (Akers and Jennings 2015). From the analysis of Krumboltzs social learning theory, it can be concluded that in order to overcome challenges in changing world market, the main career counseling strategy is to expand ones capabilities and interest and get prepared to handle new task. A sense of empowerment needs to be given to overcome challenges in job. Despite the benefits of SLTCD theories, there are also certain problems of this theory for professional practice. By means of observational generalizations, people may choose poor alternatives or eliminate good alternative because of poor judgment. Some may fail to identify that a problem exist and ultimately faced to make decision on career choices. Career counseling needs to look into this problem before integrating them in career guidance approach (Ho et al. 2016). Happestance learning theories- With the passage of time, the career choices focused on happenstance instead of decision making. This is based on the assumption that certain chance events are important parts of individuals career path and considering this, career counselor need to help clients to deal with the change in labor market by taking events positively. Hence, this theory tried to shift peoples traditional career choice from focusing on a single career to preparing from diverse career choices (Krumboltz 2009). This approach might be very useful in the current changing job sphere and job aspirants can seize many opportunities to develop in their career if they hone their skills according to selection of diverse career path. Therefore, with this idea, career counselors and guidance team can seek to enhance skills of client by engaging them in exploratory actions (Krumboltz, Foley, and Cotter, 2013). This can be useful approach to get benefits at the time of occurrence of unplann ed events. This theory encourages job aspirants to take some risk to gain unidentified benefits in life which they could never perceive before the occurrence of chance events. Through this form of training earlier in career, people will learn the skills of being alert and sensitive to recognize potential opportunities in occupational path (Watson and Szathmry 2016). From the analysis of happenstance theory, it is seen that it is an extension of the traditional theory of social learning. While the social learning theory emphasizes on making clear decisions and systematic processing of information according to progress in particular career choices, the happenstance encourage new job aspirants to embrace indecision as the future is unpredictable. The latter career guidance strategy is curiosity driven and helps a client to develop flexible attitude to quickly adapt to changing circumstances in organization. Hence, in the globalization era, this form of attitude in job aspirants will help them to learn diverse academic skills and explore different career choices. Counselors will play a very important in the empowerment of aspirants and supporting them in career choices and development (Zepeda, Parylo, and Bengtson, 2014). Psychological theories of career choice- Trait and factor matching model is a psychological theories influencing career choices. The foundation of the trait and factor theory was laid by Frank Parsons who acknowledged vocational guidance through the characteristics (trait) of an individual and factors required for successful performance in career. The main concept of Parson was that of matching job requirement with individual traits like personal abilities and aptitudes. Therefore, any career choice is made only when a person understands their individual capabilities, knowledge of jobs and the judgment to understand the relationship between the two factors (Tracey 2014). The talent and factor attributes can be matched to achieve good fit and attain jobs best suited to ones interest and abilities. This will bring positive results both personally as well as professionally. This classic and traditional career developmental theory states that an understanding of self and knowledge of requirement in different domains of job is necessary to make career decisions. Counselor can examine the trait and factor of client by means of skill assessment through aptitude or psychometric test (Mcmahon and Patton 2015). The main advantage of this theory is that counselors can provide a clear framework to client for practice. Parsons approach to counseling is now widely used, however this approach may fail due to lack of educational reform in countries. Many critiques are of the view that in the evolving work environment, the matching strategy may not work and it may create a volatile work environment (Lyness and Erkovan 2016). Parsons work was further extended by Williamson who developed the medical model to support career choice. In this case, role of counselor was regarded as very critical to achieve objectivity in the career decision making process and guide clients to make the correct decision. The key steps in medical model is to analyze the traits and interest of clients, synthesize complete skill picture of client, diagnose and interpret different career pathways for the client, counsel them to achieve the set career path and then follow up to review progress in career. It is based on the principle of test and tell to organize clients capabilities and predict future success in job. This model has great implications for counselor to take the right approach to inform client about their true capability and make them realize their professional goals in life (Leong 2014). Psychodynamic theories- The traditional psychodynamic theory was first proposed by Sigmund Freund who gave the idea about the interaction of the unconscious mental processed and its impact on shaping the personality of an individual. A conflict occurs between the conscious process and the unconscious process and this may affect career choices (Freud 2013). Career professionals and experts can use this theory as a framework for career development and making clients aware of their internal conflicts which affecting their decision making in career (Savickas 2014). Freuds conceptualized that there are three parts to personality- id- based on pleasure principles of biological urges and innate impulses associated with the unconscious. Ego- Ego starts developing from birth and one tries to mediate between pleasure demands and external constraints. Superego- This is the related to the internalization of the external environment (Basham et al. 2016). These three parts of personality evolve through the phases of psychosocial development. Freuds concept was applied in career counseling and it was based on the assumption that some people make career choice based on different type of enjoyment coming out of play or others are compelled to take a job due to wish of parents or teachers. A counselor tries to guide client in making career choice by making them aware of the importance of pleasures in career selection and mediating them to find enjoyment in a given career choice (Hoyer and Steyaert 2015). The uniqueness of Freud s theory for career development is that it takes into account the factors involved in personality development of an individual and the management of these factors to foster healthy career development and adjustment. Hence, with this approach, the counselor emphasize on early childhood and adult development to decide appropriate career choice for an individual (Savickas 2014). The Freuds psychodynamic theory had further evolved with time and it now includes many other innovative approaches. Some of the concepts have been subjected to many empirical scrutiny and controversies, while some have been successfully applied in the contemporary world of human psychology. Freuds theory was opposed by Erikson who felt that personality development does not take place during childhood but throughout the lifespan. He laid stress not just on pleasures and compulsion for career decision making, but also on the impact of self-identity on later career choices and achievement. He gave the idea of eight stages of psychosocial development and combination of this stages along with Freuds concept can go a long way in informing career counseling strategies and helping client achieve resolution in career choice and development (Reifman Arnett and Colwell 2016). Social cognitive career theory (SCCT)- The SCCT theory is the most modern theory related to career development which explains the methods by which career interest develop, career choices are made, career and academic success is achieved. The theory incorporates different elements of career theories such as personal interest, values and environmental factors to determine its impact of career development (Thompson et al. 2016). It pays interest to psychological functioning of an individual such as health behavior, academic performance and organizational development to make decisions on career choice. The concept of self-efficacy is the most important aspect of SCCT theory as level and strength of self-efficacy in an individual determine their coping skills and efforts to sustain and face challenges in career. Different occupational domains require varying self-efficacy to manage certain behavior in the job position. SSCT theory links self-efficacy beliefs to career expectation and orga nizational goals (Lent and Brown 2013). Therefore in career guidance, self-efficacy belief is developed by means of cognitive regulation of emotions. Factors like personal accomplishments, learning through mentors and watching other, verbal encouragement and physiological and emotional factors can also helps to improve self-efficacy level of job aspirants seeking particular career (Morgan 2014). From the analysis of the SSCT theory, it can be said that this approach can inform career guidance practice and modify human behavior to seek certain career goals. A people with high self-efficacy wish to engage in the job and they influence performance in the job. High level of self-efficacy can encourage people to manage challenging task and spend more effort to excel in career. On the other hand, a person with low self-efficacy may require rewards and acknowledgement to accomplish the same task which an employee with high self-efficacy can do. The key benefits of the utilization of SSCT theory in career guidance is that people will relate failure in task to external factors instead of blaming it on their low ability. Therefore, the main idea coming from SSCT theory is that peoples perspective to see the world and address challenging task in job is modified and they become more self-efficient in their career path (Zimmerman 2013). Decision making model- Decision making is classified and understood through three models- the rational/classical model, the administrative or bounded rationality model and the retrospective decision making model. The rational model was the first attempt to understand the decision making process. It is a multi-step process starting from identification of problem to seeking solutions through logical decisions. It is based on the assumption that decision maker or client has knowledge about all the alternatives and have the cognitive skills to evaluate all the choices to come to a decision. Through this model, decision is finalized based on choices that will give maximum benefit to client (Di Fabio et al. 2013). Another insight to decision making was laid by Herbert Simon who developed the Bounded Rationality model and the model assumes that decision making is done based on bounded rationality. The stepwise process of bounded rationality model of decision making is to proceed sequentially to find alternative solution, identify areas with high probability of success and deciding on those actions which gives maximum satisfaction (Sultana 2014). On the other hand, the retrospective decision model gave the idea on how decision makers make decisions based on certain rationale and justify their decisions (Vertsberger and Gati 2015). The analysis of the decision making model reveal that this model can fit into career counseling approaches and it illustrates many decision making strategies to counselors and clients. The career counseling process often began with anxiety due to parental and job pressure. Hence, a counselor can start by helping client to define their problem in career choices and then enhancing commitment and motivation through cognitive restructuring and other approaches. The client may readily be invoked by this strategy and they try to eliminate discriminative stimuli to take decisions that is of maximum utility (Seibert et al. 2013). Complexities in traditional and contemporary career development models and the challenge in career guidance and counseling The analysis of the range of traditional and contemporary career development reveal that all theories have its strength and weakness. Many practitioners have refuted the theories based on strong biasness due to ethnicity, gender and age factor. People are often discriminated on the basis of ethnicity and gender roles which were not considered in traditional career development theories (Blustein 2013). For example women often experience certain barrier in society that complicates their career choices and professional growth. Due to these issues, women did not put much emphasis on successful career in the ancient times and they also selected stereotypically female jobs. Some women often influenced by pervasive message and hence their career choice are influenced by family obligations. Apart from this, there are issues of lack of mentorship and sexual harassment that may have an impact on career choices and development. Therefore, in some cognitive theories of career development, these factors needs to be considered to prepared clients and exercise control on their self-beliefs to achieve and pursue their dream job with utmost commitment (Woodd 2013). Frank Parsons trait and factor theory is still widely used in career guidance practice and it is popular in current practice due to practical appeal and measureable outcome of certain concept. The practical appeal of trait and factor theory is high due to matching paradigm factors that provide career counselors with a clear framework to develop client in career (Vergauwe et al. 2015). Beside this complexities in traditional theories have been overcome by further development in the theories in contemporary world and this will help counselors to use their judgment and insight to choose the best approach to guide a client in their career. The main competency for career counselor is to have sensitivity skills to familiarize relation between gender and career development and understand clients perspective from their social background or societal context. They may play a role in influencing decision of client based on realistic view of the work place (Maree 2015). Application of theory and models to own career path Some of the concept in career development theories and models has played a key role in my deciding my own career path and shaping my career too. My career choice was mainly influenced by social learning theory and concept in this theory has influenced my decision to become a preschool teacher (Allen 2013). Some traditional theories inform that people tend to make career decisions based on factors that interest them during play or pleasure in life. I was interested in playing with small children during adolescent and during my academic journey, I became interested in factors that impact child development and learning. Whenever any small children came to our home, I could easily interpret their action and words. Based on my interest and knowledge in career development, I realized that I could facilitate active learning in children at young age through different play activities. My interest and pleasures in dealing with children in life helped me to decide on a career of a preschool tea cher. Career decisions based on personal interest has great scope to increase ones self efficacy to achieve career goals (Cherian and Jacob 2013). Hence, in my childhood my career ambition was just dependent on personal interest and pleasure in an activity that liked a lot. However, when I grew up, my career choice was very much related to the social learning theory in career decision making. Now I was aware of the changes in society and my responsibility to make a living for myself and support my family members. Now I began to pay attention to job that would keep my passion alive as well as give rich monetary benefits to live a standard quality of life in Singapore. This perception of mine is related to the Krumboltzs social learning theory which stated that career decision making is dependent on social changes in society, differential access to education, personality factors, different occupational factors and influence of parents/ carers of individual (Patton and McMahon 2014). Similar to the theory, I also made my career choices after analyzing the current job situation and social changes in society. The first question that was in my mind was that whether my interest in child learning can be transformed into a career choice and will it provide me enough financial support to sustain my daily expense and maintain a standard quality of life. On consulting a career counseling agent, I got to know that my qualification and interest is best suited for the job of preschool teacher. Besides this I got to know that there are many job opportunities at this position and the main demand is to be creative to facilitate child learning in the most fun-filled way as far as possible. There are opportunities for career progression in this field. This further helped me to decide on my career choices and improve my career graph in the future (Knight 2015). Before finalizing my career choice, I wanted to know the pros and cons of the early childhood educator job. The first detail that I got was that the operating hours are longer and one needs to have a lot of patience to tackle young children as well as promote learning and development in them. One positive feedback that I got from my career counselor was that one can go a long way if they have the passion and interest in children development and learning. Based on this update about the job, I finally made my choice to become a preschool educator. I knew that it will be a demanding job for me as I will have to rush with each child, coordinate lessons, arrange for new creative ideas and outings and may other areas. However, with my passion to care for children, I was confident that I will excel in this job. Hence, this reflection on my career choice reveal that my career decision making was highly influenced by prior learning experience and it matches with the core concept of Krumboltzs social learning theory. After finally achieving this job, I further enhanced my professional skill by utilizing the concept of happenstance learning theory. This modern theory on career development demonstrated that the one should make career decision based on chance events because future action cannot be predicted beforehand. This strategy helped me to progress in my career and take certain risk in case of any unplanned events. I feel this theory can be very beneficial for everyone as it helps people to develop a flexible attitude in career and sustain any unpredictable challenges in the job (Kim et al. 2014). Conclusion From the detailed discussion on traditional and other contemporary theories on career development and career choices, it can be concluded that there are certain weakness in both the theories. However, with understanding of current job demand and trends in world market, counselor can easily modify their strategy and prepare logical and effective framework to guide client in making career choice and progress in their career. The analysis of the traditional and modern theories like social learning theory, psychodynamic theories, happenstance and other model reveals different complexities in their concept and how the evolution of this theory by other experts lead to the usage of its concept by career counselor experts. 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